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Symptoms: White salt-like spots on skin and fins, fish rubbing against surfaces, lethargy, rapid breathing.

Treatment: Raise water temperature to 28–30°C. Salt bath (3–5 g/L for 10 min). Formalin or malachite green at label dose. Improve water quality and reduce stocking density.

Symptoms: Pale saddle-shaped lesions across dorsal area, frayed fins, skin ulcers, loss of appetite, increased mortality.

Treatment: Oxytetracycline bath or feed-medicated. Remove dead fish promptly. Improve aeration and reduce stress. Treat for 5–10 days.

Symptoms: Haemorrhagic ulcers on body, pop-eye (exophthalmia), abdominal swelling, bloody lesions at base of fins, high mortality.

Treatment: Oxytetracycline or florfenicol via medicated feed. Improve water quality immediately. Isolate severely infected fish. Consult vet for antibiotic sensitivity testing.

Symptoms: Excess mucus production, skin irritation, fish scratching on surfaces, pale gills, reduced feeding, fin damage.

Treatment: Salt bath (10–20 g/L for 15–30 min). Formalin bath (1:4000 dilution). Improve water quality and flow. Treat repeatedly every 3 days if needed.

Symptoms: Fish gasping at surface, especially at dawn. Mass mortality if untreated. DO below 3 mg/L. Foul smell from water.

Treatment: Emergency aeration — use paddles, splashing, or air pumps immediately. Reduce feeding by 50%. Remove dead biomass. Check algae load and organic matter. Do 20–30% water exchange.

Symptoms: Slow growth, spine curvature (lordosis/scoliosis), washed-out colour, poor feed conversion, cataracts.

Treatment: Switch to complete balanced pellet feed with adequate protein (28–35%). Check feed storage — avoid oxidised or mouldy feed. Supplement with vitamin C if available.

Symptoms: Missing fish, bite marks or claw wounds on fish, feathers or tracks near pond, unusual disturbance at water surface.

Treatment: Install netting or wire mesh over ponds. Use scare devices (reflective tape, scarecrows). Count fish regularly. Check pond perimeter for entry points.

Symptoms: Unexplained decrease in fish count. Missing feed or equipment. Signs of intrusion (footprints, cut fencing, displaced nets).

Treatment: Secure perimeter with fencing and locks. Install motion-activated lighting. Keep stocking records updated. Report to local authorities. Consider trusted guard staff for night watch.